The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 882 Words

When WWII ended, the US and the Soviet Union emerged not as friends, but as enemies. This occurred for a multitude of reasons including: direct opposite experiences in WWII, the US s desire to contain communism, and economic incentives. These factors caused the cold war to materialize and then further escalate into an arms race. The US and the Soviet Union were not on friendly terms. This was due to their vastly different in both their ideological and political beliefs. They were operating solely on the principle that â€Å"the enemy of my enemy is my friend†. The war only exacerbated these differences since the USSR had fought a much more bitter one than the one the US did. They suffered massive causalities - a conservative estimate is 8 million Russian soldiers lost their lives and the final death toll of the war is estimated to be around 26 million. The war was won with â€Å"Russian blood†, after all. Add to this an economy that was largely destroyed by German bombi ngs and active fighting on Russian soil and it is possible to see why the USSR distrusted the US. The US emerged from the war stronger than when they entered it, a war which they entered much later than any other Allied power. Their economy was fortified by the massive amounts of manufacturing required to arm the Allies during the war. After the war, they found that their economy continued to boom as they had less competition since most of the countries they would normally compete against had most of their industryShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union w as spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced ca pitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Cold War1745 Words   |  7 Pages During the era of the Cold War, starting in 1947 and definitively ending in 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off in conflicts with each other through smaller states. The United States and Soviet Union faced off to see who could spread their ideology the most in Europe. The Soviet Union used force and supported coups to spread communism while the United States installed democratic governments as a way to counter communism in Eastern Europe. These small conflicts that the two superpowers

Template for Purpose Statement Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Problem and Purpose Statement Templates Templates for Purpose Statements Below are the criteria from the checklist that show the parts required in the problem statement. Samples of a qualitative, quantitative, and mixed study problem statement are provided as examples. |Problem Statement | |1. We will write a custom essay sample on Template for Purpose Statement or any similar topic only for you Order Now General problem identifying need for study: The problem is ______ | |2. Specific problem proposed for research: 3 out of 5 chief executive officers are overweight and at risk for heart attack | |3. Introductory words describing methodological approach given and appropriate to the specific problem; â€Å"This qualitative or quantitative case | |study will explore or examine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  | |4. General population group identified: Chief executive officers from Fortune 500 organizations will be surveyed to determine †¦.. | Qualitative Problem Statement African American females remain drastically underrepresented in community college president positions (problem), despite the increase of African American community college presidents over the last ten years (Phelps Taber, 1997). Only 5% of 1,220 community colleges (specific problem: encourage numbers, as that helps illustrate specific problem) have African American presidents (Phelps Taber, 1997). African American women occupy a small percentage of Phelps’ figure of 5%. This qualitative case study (study type) will describe personal and professional perceptions experienced by 20 African American women who have achieved the role as a United States community college president. (population) The data will provide leaders information related to leadership development, mentoring, and accession strategies for  African American females interested in  community college presidential roles. Quantitative Problem Statement Department of the Army civilian managers and supervisors, who hold leadership positions, are perceived as not having the same leadership training and competencies as their military counterparts (problem) (Viall, 2003). A study conducted by the Army Chief of Staff reported, â€Å"There is no well developed and executed, integrated, systemic approach for civilian leader development for the Army† (Viall, 2003). The Department of the Army, however, does have equal and required civilian and officer institutional leadership training, education, and development policies in place (specific problem) (Army, 1999, para. -6-3). These policies are outlined and explained in United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Regulation 351-10, and implemented for use by civilians through the Army Civilian Training, Education and Development System. The system was implemented to provide a sequential, progressive leadership development plan that provides civilians with a career leadership-learni ng path equal to leadership training provided in the Officer Education System (Army, 1999, p. 22). This quantitative study (methodological approach) will utilize quantifiable and qualifiable research methods to compare the leadership training, education, and development regulations and programs of United States Army officers to that of civilians in a large federal laboratory located in the southeastern United States, (population being studied) to determine why civilians are perceived as not having the same leadership competencies as military counterparts. Mixed Methods Problem Statement Virtual employees are becoming more prevalent in business environments. There are approximately 24 million virtual workers in the U. S. , representing 18% of the total workforce (The Dieringer Research Group, 2004), up from 19 million in 1999 (Pratt, 1999). By 2010, there may be over 40 million virtual workers in the U. S. (Jala International, Inc. , 2004). In 2001, 51% of North American companies had virtual employee programs (Wiesenfeld, 2001). In some areas, the use of virtual employees and teams â€Å"has outpaced our understanding of the dynamics and unique characteristics† (Pauleen Young, 2002, p. 205). general problem) Whereas virtual environments require the same basic management and leadership responsibilities, they may encumber managers when conducting individual performance feedback and employee developmental activities (Bell Kozlowski, 2002). (specific problem) This mixed method study (type of study) will use a modification of Morrill’s (1997) Likert-type instrument with several open-ended questions to explore the patterns of perceived feedback effectiveness and best practices for communicating feedback to virtual employees. The study will electronically survey all employees in _____ division, who have been in their position for at least one year and are located throughout the continental U. S. (geographic location) to describe the degree of correlation between the virtualness of the employee and the perceived level of performance feedback, developmental feedback, trust, and leaders member exchange. The survey will collect data to identify best practices for communicating performance and developmental feedback to virtual employees. Templates for Purpose Statements. How to cite Template for Purpose Statement, Papers

Hospitalization Cost of Conventional Psychiatric Care

Question: Discuss about the Hospitalization Cost of Conventional Psychiatric Care. Answer: Introduction: Without the interventions, psychosis poses serious threats to the community. Due to the underlying mental health disorder, violent behavior is observed in the community and residents are reluctant to access the mental health services available in the community (Kane et al., 2015). There is an increased level of violence in the community due to internal control overdrive and perceived threat. The psychotic people are witnessed to involve in assaultive behavior as they experience hallucinations and related psychotic symptoms (Burns et al., 2015). Psychotic residents tend to be socially excluded and greatly hamper their quality of life. The subsequent productivity of the community as a result of unemployment is related to the psychotic behavior of the residents. The psychotic individuals fail to thrive and stress persists in the community. They are involved in anti-social behavior due to the psychotic symptoms and affect the individuals in the society. As a result, it increases the crim e rates in the society and disturbances prevail in the community at an alarming stage. As a result of delay in interventions among the psychotic people, it increases the burden of disease in the community healthcare system. The cost of hospitalization increases as there will be delay in the early diagnosis and interventions for the individuals experiencing psychosis. The quality of life gets deteriorated due to the delay in early diagnosis and that increases the cost of medical services in the community (Kaplan, Isaranuwatchai Hoch, 2017). The delay in untreated psychosis has a great impact on the morbidity of the individuals and that increases the burden on the healthcare services. As the treatment gets delayed, the severity of the mental disorders increases with time. There are lesser chances of recovery with great relapse and as a result, there are negative health outcomes. When there is delay in the interventions for psychosis, the degree of diagnostic tools and other healthcare facilities increases and that result in the increase in the cost of healthcare facilit ies. The loss in productivity at work and the increasing financial costs for the treatment of mental illness has a devastating effect on the national economy and healthcare system in the country (Golberstein et al., 2015). The high standard of care required for the psychotic patients affect the clinical healthcare services in a clinical setting. The specialized medications prescribed for the treatment due to delay also add an additional cost to the hospitals. This shows that the delay in diagnosis and treatment for psychosis increases the burden of mental diseases and affects the community and the nations economy. References Burns, T., Yeeles, K., Koshiaris, C., Vazquez-Montes, M., Molodynski, A., Puntis, S., ... Rugksa, J. (2015). Effect of increased compulsion on readmission to hospital or disengagement from community services for patients with psychosis: follow-up of a cohort from the OCTET trial.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(10), 881-890. Golberstein, E., Busch, S. H., Zaha, R., Greenfield, S. F., Beardslee, W. R., Meara, E. (2015). Effect of the Affordable Care Acts young adult insurance expansions on hospital-based mental health care.American Journal of Psychiatry,172(2), 182-189. Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., ... Marcy, P. (2015). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program.American Journal of Psychiatry,173(4), 362-372. Kaplan, B. J., Isaranuwatchai, W., Hoch, J. S. (2017). Hospitalization cost of conventional psychiatric care compared to broad-spectrum micronutrient treatment: literature review and case study of adult psychosis.International Journal of Mental Health Systems,11(1), 14.

Style as Character Insight The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austens Major Works

Introduction No work of art achieves permanence unless its creator imbues it with a unique individual style that solidifies its value across cultures and across time. Truly, art would not exist without style. According to Susan Sontag, the earliest experiences of humankind reflected art as â€Å"incantatory, magical. Art was an agent of ritual† (65).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This view was followed by the preliminary theory of art as an imitation of reality understood by the ancient Greeks (Greenberg 2; Sontag 65). In any work of art multiple disclosures of truth take place. These contextual revelations can be endless; revelations of the society, not to mention the revelations of the artist himself. It could therefore be argued that the objects seen and fe lt by the artist constitute the mirrored image of her distinctive society. On the other hand, Alexander Pope argued that socialization itself murders authorial style (Miller 76). In Pope’s opinion, everyone is born with some taste that gets lost through education. Pope argued that nature played a crucial role in the judgment of style (Miller 76). From Pope’s assertion, the reader may deduce that in every art, there is a peculiar goodness that is peculiar to the artist. It is therefore irrelevant to argue the subjective value of one piece of art over another (Galperin 50). Great art reflects its truth vis à   vis â€Å"the relationship between aesthetic experience as met by the specific – not the generalized – individual, and the social and historical contexts in which that experience takes place† (Greenberg 1). Jane Austen’s novels clearly reflect these dual realities. Her work remains a stylized time capsule that reveals the complexities o f the social world that existed in the United Kingdom during the Regency period. The continued popularity of the author’s works speaks to the individuality and appeal of her writing style to generations of readers and scholars since that era. Jane Austen’s stylistic choices typically present male characters as one of two types: shrewdly reluctant romantics, or fools easily duped by Jane Austen’s wily female protagonists that have become so beloved over the years, including Emma Woodhouse, the heroine of Emma. The inner workings of Jane Austen’s characters typically provide somewhat awkward and unnerving insights into polite society (Harding 167).Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many literary scholars view Jane Austen’s works as â€Å"country house novels† (Le Faye 11). Some have labeled them as â€Å"comedies of conduct† according to Le Faye, comedies of manners that embrace the affairs and social conspiracies of upper class people living in a stylish and civilized culture (11). These comedies of conduct typically present a violation of social traditions and etiquette; while Jane Austen’s keen social observations remain veiled by the sparkle and wit of her dialogue (Le Faye 45). As a rule, Jane Austen’s fiction has come to represent â€Å"one of the most sophisticated analyses we have of the elusive character or quality of sociable human interaction† (Russell 176). However, a number of literary scholars regard Jane Austen as a darker, more socially engaged writer. Her novels involve the author advancing 19th century social theory via the use of a style that reveals the theory of mind within each character (Ferguson 118). Many of Jane Austen’s works feature characters that adopt one self publicly and another privately; thus, the conflict between these selves becomes the meat of the novel (Ferguson 118). This paper endeavors to critically analyze the stylistic devices Jane Austen employs in her work to recreate the social psychology of the 19th century British upper classes for the reader. The paper favors the devices of irony and free indirect discourse as the main stylistic choices Jane Austen applies to give the reader insight and access to the interior, psychological landscape of her characters. Background Jane Austen was born in Hampshire, England in 1775, the seventh child of eight children. Jane Austen’s early introduction to classical works arrived through the influence of her father, George Austen, a member of the English landed gentry who also worked as a preacher and educator (Galperin 49; Le Faye 10). Though the family was not wealthy, they were land owners, and as such Jane Austen’s childhood was a happy one with full access to intellectual stimulation and learning (Le Faye 10). After the death of George Austen in 1805, Ja ne, together with her mother and sister Cassandra moved to Chawton village, where she received a marriage proposal from a wealthy brother of her close friend (Tinkcom 134).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jane Austen initially accepted this proposal but turned it down the following day; scholars argue the rejection of the proposal occurred because Jane Austen fully understood the role of marriage in the mobility of a woman in those days, together with all the vulnerabilities of single women who relied on wealthy relatives for accommodation (Tinkcom 57). Marriage at that time remained the sole form of social leverage available to women of the upper classes (Galperin 50; Le Faye 11). This event appears to be a seminal one in the life of the author, as the social theme o f marriage plays out very much in several of Jane Austen’s novels, including Emma, and Sense and Sensibility, as does the theme of social class positioning, a phenomenon of great interest to the author. Jane Austen’s works can be identified with the eighteenth century novel traditions. According to Duckworth, Austen read broadly in many genres including works which were regarded as mediocre; however, the major feature of her reading activities was noting native genres traversed by women writers at the time (48). The publishing environment for women during the 19th century was perilous (Ferguson 2). The social environment dictated that propriety be maintained above all else, and at the time literature was deemed too vulgar for women to engage in (Ferguson 2; Lascelles 88). In this sense therefore, Jane Austen remains one of literature’s first female mavericks. Irony When critically examined, the works of Jane Austen show the effect of the literary state of affair s of the 18th century period. The works at this time embraced the notion of and social environment and man’s perspective relative to individual circumstances. In essence, an individual’s needs were sublimated to the needs appropriate to his or her social role. Satire and humor are characteristics embraced in literature during this period; however, the use of irony became the ultimate tool for authors to critique their society discreetly. In Jane Austen’s novels, the romantic and passionate nature of her characters is evident, though implied (Ferguson 76). Jane Austen’s works demonstrate the role of passion and its place in society. Though these novels appeared in the middle of the Romantic period, they also involve an intellectual and cerebral quality that minimizes the absolute praise of the youthful passions expressed in other works written during this period. To this end, Jane Austen combines passion and reason through the use of irony.Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jane Austen has embraced the use of irony in many of her most famous pieces. Though scholars typically identify Jane Austen as a romantic author, her style largely renders a biting and acidic account of romance. The author applies contrast to the plain meaning of a character’s account of a situation or event, in order to create a witty twist and reduce the magnitude of the original statement and highlight its ironic disjunction. In her juvenile literary works, Jane Austen depended on satire, irony and parody fixed on absurdity to color the romantic view. In her mature literary works, she employed irony to forestall social pretense and to highlight discrepancies between familial duties and character, as well as character foibles. A classic example of this occurs in Mansfield Park. The author writes: To the education of her daughters Lady Bertram paid not the smallest attention. She had not time for such cares. She was a woman who spent her days in sitting nicely dressed on a s ofa, doing some long piece of needlework, of little use and no beauty, thinking more of her pug than her children, but very indulgent to the latter, when it did not put herself to inconvenience (Austen 16). Jane Austen’s use of irony is â€Å"exemplified in romanticism’s earliest forms and carried into the nineteenth century, where absence, division, and fragmentation are completed by their readers’ own mistaken ideas† (Greenham 163). In the above example, the reader’s reaction to the neglect demonstrated by Lady Bertram toward her offspring fuels the irony of the story. As such, Jane Austen’s style employs irony to criticize not only the marriage institution but the parental ideal of care and concern for the welfare of children, placed in the hands of indolent, spoilt, utterly self-absorbed individuals. As Greenham notes, romantic authors in the vein of Jane Austen’s style â€Å"use our expectations to deceive us because their texts are completed only by the expectations of the reader, a use of expectation that reveals, through negation, the reader’s false ideas and ideals† (163). Jane Austen’s genteel use of language and style barely conceals her contempt for the social conventions that would allow such individuals to prosper. Similarly, in Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen draws the reader’s attention to irony in the opening line. The author writes â€Å"it is a realism that is widely recognized, that a single man in charge of a good fortune should be in need of a wife† (6). At first glance this statement appears simple and predictable; however, the plot of the statement contradicts it. As it says, it is a woman without a fortune who is in need of a husband. Also, in Pride and Prejudice, the major structural motif creates irony in the story which stimulates a reader’s judgment and attention, besides engaging a reader’s feelings. Jane Austen’s paradoxical and ironic character sketches also underscore the reciprocal impact of personality and society in Emma. Like many of Jane Austen’s novels, Emma presents an explanation of how one learns to see oneself, others, and personalized relationships more clearly as events unfold. But to prevent this occurrence Jane Austen has employed an unparalleled blend of styles to present her thesis. Emma comes out as Jane Austen’s masterwork as she manages to capitalize on irony and the use of free indirect discourse effectively. Greenham notes that the character of Emma Woodhouse is â€Å"femininity ironized† (165). The romantic novels of Jane Austen typically contain these strong heroines, deeply restricted by the class and gender roles of their time, whose actions and inner thoughts do not align – herein lies Greenham’s point. Jane Austen’s style use irony to bedevil social veneer. The reader understands this in the opening line of the novel: â€Å"Emma Woo dhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her† (Austen 1). Jane Austen uses the word â€Å"seemed† to pique the reader’s suspicion (Austen 1). As Greenham explains, this word is â€Å"always a sign of ambiguity† (165). Once the word â€Å"seemed† registers in the mind of the reader, everything that Jane Austen describes about the heroine becomes open to interpretation. As Greenham notes, the word leads the reader to assume â€Å"some kind of deflationary irony, which might in turn lead the reader to conclude that Emma is none of these things to the extent that she appears. The tension, then, would be between appearance and reality† (165). The social psychology of the characters in the world of Jane Austen’s novels remains ultimately ambiguous and uncerta in; nothing can be assumed to be true, often since the actions and the words of the characters create an ironic distance. Further use of irony becomes apparent when the reader witnesses Emma’s thoughts at the first meeting with Harriet Smith. She immediately sees in Harriet some kind of project that she might embark on, the belief that she could make an upper class woman out of Harriet’s kind request could be a reflection of Emma’s impolite disposition towards others. It could also be construed as a confession that she is meddlesome and self-centered, as Emma’s actions indicate that she is the only person entitled to effect such improvement on another human being. However, the ironic truth becomes apparent later, through Jane Austen’s skilful use of irony, when the reader concludes that it is actually Emma who desperately needs improvement. Emma is presented as one person with a contrary judgment; however, since the character only keeps such convic tions between herself and the reader, she enhances the various ironic twists that Jane Austen has employed in the novel. Brownstein argues that the use of irony in Jane Austen’s novels speak to the actual physical and psychological experience of women at that time in history. Language itself was a chess match, and the social conventions so complex and rigorous that one wrong word could topple the most socially graced female. As Brownstein notes, among the female protagonists such as Emma Woodhouse, â€Å"choosing language, commenting on the stereotypes and formulas of novelists, and the language available for use in social life, is always Austen’s subject† (Brownstein 59). An example of this occurs following Mr. Knightley’s proposal of marriage in Emma. The response that Emma Woodhouse gives is the model of propriety, and illustrates the author’s use of irony to highlight the restrictive and psychologically complex social environment of upper class women of marriageable age: â€Å"What did she say? Just what she ought, of course. A lady always does. She said enough to show there need not be despair – and to invite him to say more himself† (Austen 386). In Brownstein’s analysis, Jane Austen used irony not only to write as a lady but to illustrate life as a lady. As Brownstein explains, â€Å"Writing as A Lady, Austen savors the discrepancy between being a stable sign in her culture as well as a user and analyst of its signs† (Brownstein 59) Austen and Knowledge of Intention Authorial intention comes out as an issue of great interest in Jane Austen’s work. Though this may be a difficult thing to find in the absence of the author, literary analysis involves the interpretive spectrum around the determination of authorial intention. In this line of thought, many critics have viewed a literary work of thought which fades the author from the message that is being communicated; as such, many critics have not managed to find subtle ways of determining authorial intent. The simplicity that Jane Austen exhibits in her work provides a clear template for authorial intention. There is usually a paradigm between what we learn from the novel and what we know about the real author’s world. While reading Austen’s work, one construes several images of the author (Le Faye 135). But, different people, depending on their inclinations and other factors, form their own images that fit those inclinations, hampered by the distance of time and the complete transformation that has occurred in the social relationships between heterosexual men and women since Jane Austen’s time. Looking at Jane Austen’s works, several images of the author appear, and several different perspectives arise among private readers as to who Jane Austen really was, and what she really stood for as an artist and as a social critic. Jane Austen has staged parodist sensations that imbue her later novels with a gothic quality – an example is her novel Northanger Abbey. Issues within the novel border on gender and power. For example, Catherine experiences several challenges in her life through the novel such that by the time she arrives at Abbey, she has really faced an array of issues. From this Austen manages to present a sustained fear and anxiety throughout her work (Wilde 156). In Northanger Abbey, there seems to be a greater connection between surprise and emotion. Jane Austen has also employed dialogue as a means of endearing the reader to the outward reality. She has effectively used this at the proposal scene in the novel Emma. For instance, some of the lengthy dialogues usually act as preludes to something about to happen (Wiltshire 132). A case in point is the quarrel that ensues after Harriet refuses Robert Martin (Austen 113). Emma’s behind the scenes manipulation shines herein; to hide her machinations, she maintains a calm disposition. This demonst rates Jane Austen’s multidimensional approach towards style. Jane Austen has also presented Emma Woodhouse in such a way that her appearance does not coincide with the revelation. Such an ironic nature of presentation is a distinctive mechanism through which Jane Austen exhibits her authorial intention and unique style. Free Indirect Speech Jane Austen has meticulously utilized the practice of free indirect discourse. Free indirect speech was a literary device created by Henry Fielding in the 18th century and used liberally by many novelists at that time. Todd indicates that the free indirect speech allows the speech and the thoughts of the characters to socialize with the voice of the narrator (33). As a device, the use of free indirect discourse facilitates access to the interior psychology of the character without interrupting the social convention in place in the world of the novel. This device allows authors to write about things that would never be spoken about – in essence – to delve into the private mind of the character. In a Jane Austen novel, much of the action remains implied, an element of authorial style that mimics the social confines of its characters – essentially – no one says what they really mean, because to do so would be social suicide. Without free indirect discourse, much of the actions of the characters within Jane Austen’s novels would be indecipherable for the reader. As Neumann explains, â€Å"so much of an Jane Austen novel is apparently shown or dramatized rather than told or narrated, [thus] it becomes of particular interest not just to trace how Jane Austen reports the speech and thought of her characters but also to consider when and how judgments on the characters’ consciousnesses are implied as well as stated† (364). The stylistic device of free indirect discourse illustrates one example of how Jane Austen authenticates the consciousnesses of her characters. This device renders the interior workings of the characters’ minds visible to only the reader and themselves. As Neumann explains, free indirect discourse in a Jane Austen novel employs â€Å"sentences which combine a character’s reported voice with the narrator’s reporting voice, sentences in which the narrator can both render, and comment on, the utterance reported† (364). The net effect of this device brings the quality of mind to life for the reader; as such, the action becomes interior and subtle, implied and muted. In one of her works, Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen extensively uses this approach. For example, Mrs. John Dashwood â€Å"did not endorse intends of her husband†¦ to take three thousand pounds from the plight of their precious little boy†¦ she begged him to think again on the subject†¦.. how would he have answered to him to deny his child†¦..† (20). The extract draws a straightforward story in the â€Å"voice† of the narrator. In this example, Jane Austen proves the inner feelings of the character and fixes the imagination the reader is entering the characters mind. In the novel Emma, Jane Austen applies the stylistic device of free indirect discourse masterfully to develop the relationship between Emma and Mr. Knightley. As Bray notes, the use of free indirect discourse ensures that â€Å"everything is presented through Emma’s dramatized consciousness, and the essential effects depend on that† (10). In Emma, one of the clearest and most effective examples of free indirect discourse occurs when Emma and Harriet Smith discuss Mr. Knightley. Emma asks: Have you any idea of Mr. Knightley’s returning your affection? Yes, replied Harriet modestly, but not fearfully – I must say that I have. Emma’s eyes were instantly withdrawn; and she sat silently meditating, in a fixed attitude, for a few minutes. A few minutes were sufficient for making her acquainted with h er own heart. A mind like her’s, once opening to suspicion, made rapid progress. She touched – she admitted – she acknowledged the whole truth. Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knightley, than with Frank Churchill? Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet’s having some hope of a return? It darted through her, with the speed of an arrow, that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself! (Austen 335) In this passage, Jane Austen uses the free indirect discourse to plumb the depths of her main character’s denial. In this one passage, the author peels away multiple layers of truth slowly and steadily, to reveal the romantic yearnings that Emma holds very close to her core, the element of her affection that she has revealed to no one thus far, not even herself. In this regard, the power of this stylistic device is threefold – it reveals character intention, explains character action, and functions as a b ond between reader and character. The stylistic use of free indirect discourse places the reader in the role of confidante. As Bray explains, in this example, â€Å"here Harriet’s supposedly reciprocated feelings for Knightley force Emma to acknowledge the truth of her own heart. A few minutes of reflection are enough for revelation to be reached. Notice that the trajectory by which Emma arrives at the truth, from touching, to admitting, to acknowledging, is first described indirectly, from the vantage-point of an external narrator, and then presented more directly, as the narrative enters into her mind† (18). Herein lies the value of free indirect discourse as a means of drawing out the interior social psychology not only of the character, but of the larger social world that Jane Austen’s characters inhabit, in all its rigidity and artifice. Bray notes that it is â€Å"Emma who asks herself, Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knig htley, than with Frank Churchill? and Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet’s having some hope of a return?† (18). Through free indirect discourse, the reader learns the truth at the same time as the character. The device allows the character’s consciousness to become a character independent to the social character witnessed in the novel, which in turn reflects the schism that occurs in the selves of the characters between their social personas and their actual selves. As Bray notes, Emma’s â€Å"consciousness could be said to be dramatized here if by this is understood the narrative’s attempt to re-enact, rather than describe externally, the character’s actual thought-processes. From Why was it so much worse onwards the reader is granted intimate access to Emma’s thoughts and anxieties, leading up to her final moment of anagnorisis† (18). In regard then, the style device of free indirect discourse functions as a m eans of granting access to the deep action of the story, as motivated by the deep and largely unconscious desires of the characters. This phenomenon explains why several scholars view Jane Austen as one of the foremost romantic novelists writing from a social psychology perspective. Beauty A number of the characters in Jane Austen’s novels remain susceptible to feminine beauty, and the author’s stylistic choices to use this weakness for beautiful women as a distraction, particularly among the male characters in her novels, often begets surprisingly comedic results. In her essay An Argument about Beauty, Susan Sontag notes that â€Å"beauty, it seems, is immutable, at least when incarnated – fixed – in the form of art, because it is in art that beauty as an idea, an eternal idea, is best embodied. Beauty†¦is deep, not superficial; hidden, sometimes, rather than obvious; consoling, not troubling; indestructible, as in art, rather than ephemeral, as in nature. Beauty, the stipulatively uplifting kind, perdures† (Sontag 208). A perfect example of this power occurs in the novel Emma. Through the character of Mr. Knightley, Jane Austen give voice to all of the less than stellar qualities of her heroine – her peevishness, her inability to cease meddling in other people’s romantic affairs, her liberal enjoyment of manipulation of family and friends, and her lazy and indolent nature – not to mention the fact that her family, especially her father, spoiled her. â€Å"I, [Mr. Knightley] soon added, who have had no such charm thrown over my senses, must still see, hear, and remember. Emma is spoiled by being the cleverest of her family. At ten years old, she had the misfortune of being able to answer questions which puzzled her sister at seventeen†¦And ever since she was twelve, Emma has been mistress of the house and of you all. In her mother she lost the only person able to cope with her† (Austen 4 8). Yet, Mr. Knightley remains struck by Emma’s pulchritude, a weakness that Mrs. Weston appears perfectly willing to exploit, as evidenced in the following example: Oh! You would rather talk of her person than her mind, would you? Very well; I shall not attempt to deny Emma’s being pretty. Pretty! Say beautiful rather. Can you imagine anything nearer perfect beauty than Emma altogether – face and figure? I do not know what I could imagine, but I confess that I have seldom seen a face or figure more pleasing to me than hers (Austen 49) The beauty of the heroines in Jane Austen’s works functions as a distraction, the problematic element of sexual desire thrown into the mix. Physical beauty at that time in history remained one of a woman’s most potent tools of power, and Jane Austen’s protagonists typically wield it as a means to avoid any deep form of dialogue or authentic emotional intimacy. Conclusion A master of style, Jane Austen’s work reveals the complex social machinations at the heart of the romantic dealings between men and women in the United Kingdom during the 18th century Regency Period. The author’s effective use of the stylistic devices of irony and free indirect discourse draw the reader into the deep stratum of each character’s psychology to reveal the personal motivations behind the action of the novels. Jane Austen developed a style that could essentially tell the story that could not be told in the rigid social environment that her characters dwelled in. As such, Jane Austen’s style reveals the individual’s desires in conflict and opposition to the social conventions that restricted their use of language, particularly in the realm of romance. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Alistair M. Duckworth. New York: Bedford St. Martin’s Press, 2002. Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. Print. Bray, Joe. â€Å"The Source of Dramatized Conscious ness: Richardson, Austen, and Stylistic Influence.† Style 35.1 (2001): 18-36. Web. Brownstein, Rachel M. â€Å"Jane Austen: Irony and Authority.† Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Russel Whitaker. Vol. 150. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Print. Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen’s Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. Print. Ferguson, Moira. â€Å"Mansfield Park: Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender.† Oxford Literary Review 13.1 (1991): 118–39. Print. Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Print. Greenberg, Clement. Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966. Print. Greenham, David. â€Å"The Concept of Irony: Jane Austen’s Emma and Philip Roth’s Sabbath’s Theater.† Philip Roth Studies 1.2 (2005): 163-175. Web. Harding, D. W. â€Å"Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen†. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963. Print. Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Print. Le Faye, Deirdre. â€Å"Chronology of Jane Austen’s Life†. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Eds. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003. Print. Neumann, Anne Waldron. â€Å"Characterization and Comment in Pride and Prejudice: Free Indirect Discourse and Double-voiced Verbs of Speaking, Thinking, and Feeling.† Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Russel Whitaker. Vol. 150. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Print. Russell, Gillian. â€Å"Sociability.† The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Eds. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Sontag, Susan. â€Å"An A rgument about Beauty.† Daedalus 134.4 (2005): 208-. Web. Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation. New York: Dell Publishing Press, 1966. 15-36. Print. Tinkcom, Matthew. Working like a Homosexual. North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2002. Print. Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Wilde, Oscar. The Decay of Lying. London: Book Club Associates, 1976. Print. This term paper on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works was written and submitted by user Tristen C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Egyptian Government essays

Egyptian Government essays A single man dominated ancient Egyptian government; this man was the Pharaoh. The people believed that the king was more than a man, that he was in some way an ordained ruler for the Egyptian Gods. For this reason the Pharaoh had absolute control over the affairs of the empire and its people. However, Ancient Egypt was also a partial-theocracy. This means that the clergy of ancient Egypt possessed a certain amount of power over the people of the society. The Pharaohs advisors and ministers were almost always priests. These priests were considered the only ones worthy and able to carry out the god kings commands. As in most religious ancient societies, priests had special status above the rest of the citizens, forming a kind of nobility (Wilson, 1966). As the head of the government, the Pharaoh was theoretically said to have a life of total control. However, in actuality he was as subject to the demands of his own policies just as the people whom he ruled. The Pharaoh did not live a life of dull luxury. This all-important being was the embodiment of the Gods and the soul of the state. With all the duties of the Pharaoh, he had to empower deputies to help him with his duties. These deputies included; a Vizier, which saw over the civil administrations, high priests over the temple administrations, and commander of his personal and professional armies. The Vizier was the most important official under the Pharaoh. He represented divine authority, perception, and justice. He was heavily charged with the responsibility to be fair and equitable. His primary role was chief magistrate, the kings right hand man so to speak. The vizier remained important throughout Egyptian history. Many titles were given to this prominent position over the centuries, they include: prince, count, seal bearer of the king, and chief officer of the state. He was the ...

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10 bases de datos para buscar trabajo en Estados Unidos Al igual que sucede en otros paà ­ses, en Estados Unidos se obtiene frecuentemente empleo a travà ©s de familiares o amigos que ponen en contacto a la persona interesada en trabajar con el empleador. Adems, es comà ºn encontrar trabajo recurriendo a bases de datos especializadas en empleo. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre bases de datos reputadas a la hora de emplear. Adems, se informa sobre quià ©nes pueden trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos y quà © empresas o instituciones tienen un rà ©cord notable patrocinando tarjetas de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocidas como green cards, o visas temporales de empleo a trabajadores extranjeros. Tome en cuenta: Bà ºsqueda de empleo en Estados Unidos Si no se tiene un documento para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos (y si no hay otros impedimentos migratorios), debe obtenerse patrocinador. Las empresas e instituciones solo pueden patrocinar si cumplen requisitos estrictos establecidos por las leyes migratorias.  ¿Quà © documentacià ³n requieren los extranjeros para trabajar legalmente en EE.UU.? Es muy importante entender que en Estados Unidos las opciones para que los extranjeros puedan trabajar legalmente estn reguladas por la ley y son bsicamente: Residencia permanente, que se puede sacar de muchas maneras, incluida por patrocinio laboral y en casos excepcionales de  personas absolutamente brillantes se les permite patrocinarse a ellas mismas.Visas con las que se puede trabajar, como las H, las de intercambio conocidas como J, las O para personas con habilidades especiales u otras.Visas que no permiten trabajar salvo en casos muy particulares, como la F-1 de estudiante.Permisos de trabajo, que no deben confundirse con las visas de trabajo . 10 bases de datos para encontrar trabajo en EE.UU. 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Y en empresas relevantes como ABB o Goldman Sachs. 6.  Indeed.com. Este es un portal con variaciones en multitud de paà ­ses. La bà ºsqueda se puede hacer por compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, por lugar donde radica el puesto de trabajo que se oferta o por el tipo de empleo que se busca. 7.  Jooble.org. Un gran mapamundi permite presionar sobre cualquier paà ­s marcado en verde y comenzar la bà ºsqueda de empleo. Hay ofertas en prcticamente toda Europa, Estados Unidos, Canad, Latinoamà ©rica, Australia y buena parte de Asia. 8.  Linkup.com. Aquà ­ se puede buscar trabajo y aplicar directamente con las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que ofertan empleo. Adems, tiene portales propios para ofertas en Canad y el Reino Unido. 9.  Naciones Unidas. El portal de la ONU ofrece todas las novedades en empleo en las organizaciones que dependen de esta institucià ³n. Para trabajar en la sede de Nueva York conviene destacar que se podrà ­a disfrutar de la visa G-4, que ofrece grandes ventajas. 10.  Simplyhired.com. En esta base de datos se puede realizar la bà ºsqueda por ciudad, compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, profesià ³n o categorà ­as en las que no es infrecuente la contratacià ³n de extranjeros con necesidad de patrocinio de visa, como la ingenierà ­a, software o enseà ±anza. Adems, todos los profesionales deberà ­an tener en cuenta la red social LinkedIn a la hora de buscar trabajo, tanto para buscar empresas como para colocar visible un perfil profesional para atraer a posibles empleadores. Asimismo, es recomendable verificar las oportunidades que brindan bases de datos de empleo especialistas en trabajo para latinos, como latpro, ihispano o latinosinhighered, à ©sta à ºltima para empleos en universidades. Los cruceros son tambià ©n una fuente de empleo a tener en cuenta ya que brindan posibilidad de empleo a categorà ­as de trabajos muy distintas e incluso en las menos cualificadas el sueldo bsico suele ser superior al sueldo mà ­nimo de EE.UU. Varias agencias estn especializadas en seleccionar trabajadores para cruceros, para los que serà ­a posible obtener la visa C1/D para trabajar. Por à ºltimo, para las personas que ya tienen papeles, pueden considerar como carrera las oportunidades que brinda el Ejà ©rcito y tambià ©n las ofertas de empleos en el gobierno federal.   Empresas con rà ©cord de patrocinar green card y visas de trabajo Si se busca una green card por trabajo, un buen lugar para empezar la bà ºsqueda de patrocinador es verificando las 100 empresas que en el à ºltimo aà ±o patrocinaron ms tarjetas de residencia. Adems, hay informacià ³n sobre el nà ºmero de patrocinados, salarios medios brindados y sector.  Debe tener en cuenta que la mayorà ­a son del sector de las tecnologà ­as, pero hay muchos ms, incluso trabajos para los que no es necesario tener estudios universitarios, algunos muy bien pagados. En cuanto a los patrocinadores de las visas H-1B, para profesionales, estas son las 100 empresas con mayor nà ºmero de patrocinados. Cabe destacar que estas visas son muy codiciadas y que, dependiendo del trabajo, es posible que se tenga que esperar muchos meses para obtener una, o incluso a pesar de tener patrocinador, no obtenerla por no ganar la loterà ­a. Adems, existen empresas privadas de colocacià ³n que a cambio de un pago se dedican a encontrar posibles patrocinadores de esta visa para buenos candidatos extranjeros. Algunas de ellas estn especializadas en determinados trabajos, por ejemplo, Randstad es buena para ingenieros y tambià ©n theengineeringjob. En cuanto a las visas H-2A para agricultura y H-2B para trabajos temporeros no agrà ­colas, estos son reclutadores en Mà ©xico para empresas estadounidenses.  Antes de cerrar un acuerdo con un reclutador, debe verificar  si tiene un buen rà ©cord o si en el pasado ha tratado mal o estafado a trabajadores. En las visas H-2A, el mayordomo, es decir, el capataz, con frecuencia es mexicano o centroamericano y pide a su patrono que aà ±o tras aà ±o contrate a personas de sus pueblos o zonas. Aunque con la administracià ³n del Presidente Donald Trump se ha dado un recorte en el nà ºmero de visas O y H-2B que se aprueban cada aà ±o fiscal, las H-2A han experimentado un movimiento contrario, es decir, al alza. Asà ­, en el aà ±o fiscal 2018 se aprobaron un total de 242.762 visas agrà ­colas segà ºn datos del Departamento de Trabajo de los Estados Unidos, lo que supone un incremento del 146 por ciento en apenas ocho aà ±os. En cuanto a las enfermeras/os, existen agencias de contratacià ³n especialistas en buscar trabajo a este tipo de profesionales extranjeros. Este es un trabajo siempre en gran demanda en los Estados Unidos y, en consonancia, son bien pagados. Los mà ©dicos y los maestros son tambià ©n profesionales en gran demanda. Los maestros suelen ser contratados con visas H-1A, con la J-1 de intercambio mediante agencias autorizadas o incluso patrocinados para una green card.   Las visas de intercambio J-1 son una categorà ­a muy amplia y en muchos de los programas agencias autorizadas brindan servicios de colocacià ³n a los candidatos extranjeros, como es el caso de nià ±eras (au pairs), staff de apoyo para campamentos de verano, trabajo en ONGs de los Estados Unidos, etc. Para los tripulantes y dems empleados de cruceros que estn interesados en obtener una visa C-1/D, se puede contactar directamente con las empresas, como Royal Caribbean, o tambià ©n se puede realizar la bà ºsqueda a travà ©s de agencias intermediarias, como Cruisehipjobs o uno de estos ms de 300 reclutadores en 65 paà ­ses.   Consejos para buscar trabajo en los Estados Unidos El primer consejo para buscar con à ©xito trabajo en los Estados Unidos es hacer un buen CV o resumà ©, y una excelente carta de presentacià ³n siguiendo uno de los modelos comunes en los Estados Unidos. Es importante que està © en inglà ©s y sin faltas de ortografà ­a. Adems es muy importante personalizar estos documentos segà ºn las caracterà ­sticas de la empresa a la que se le envà ­a. No se debe cometer el error de enviar el mismo a todas. Tambià ©n es importante ser proactivo. Es decir, buscar el mayor nà ºmero de empresas posible, ver quà © buscan y comunicarse con ellas. Por à ºltimo, tener mucho cuidado y evitar problemas con las autoridades migratorias. Cada visa es para lo que es. Por ejemplo, una visa de turista no es para estudiar a tiempo completo  ni tampoco para trabajar, tanto una como otra accià ³n constituyen una violacià ³n migratoria. Tampoco es correcto ingresar a Estados Unidos como turista con el fin de buscar trabajo. Si en algà ºn momento un oficial de Inmigracià ³n sospecha que ese ha sido el caso, se va a tener problemas. Otra cosa distinta es si una vez aquà ­ surge la posibilidad de que una empresa ofrezca una oportunidad de empleo.   La realidad de los salarios Para las personas interesadas, la oportunidad de trabajar o emigrar a Estados Unidos es una gran decisià ³n que, en general, compensa situaciones dolorosas como dejar a familia, amigos y paà ­s para hacer vida en un paà ­s extraà ±o. Entre las razones por las que las que se da el gran salto para trabajar en Estados Unidos estn las mejores condiciones econà ³micas y laborales. Y, por supuesto, que eso es asà ­. Pero no hay que estar ciego a las realidades. Por ejemplo, la vida es ms cara en Estados Unidos, por lo que a veces no se gana tanto como se cree como demuestra este comparativo salarial de 8 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses distintos. Esto es especialmente verdad en profesiones que pagan poco, como por ejemplo, el salario mà ­nimo  que puede ser insuficiente en las ciudades ms caras del paà ­s. Tambià ©n hay que tener en cuenta que se pagan impuestos federales y estatales y que estos à ºltimos varà ­an grandemente de estado a estado y pueden hacer una gran diferencia en ingresos reales. Por à ºltimo, tener presente que se han dado casos de fraude en ofertas laborales a trabajadores extranjeros, particularmente con las distintas visas de la familia de las H. En estos casos, es posible denunciarlo. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

2 journal questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Gene Therapy is Revolutionizing Medicine Essay -- Biology Health Essay

Gene Therapy is Revolutionizing Medicine "We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes, "quotes James Watson. This fate that Watson is talking about is contained in our genes, and deals with a new technique, gene therapy. Gene therapy is revolutionizing the world of medicine. Many physicians are predicting that in twenty years gene therapy may change the practice of medicine from a treatment-based to a prevention-based practice. Our future is l ocked away inside of our genes. Gene therapy is unlocking these doors. Researchers are starting to move away from developing new drugs, and towards finding an ultimate solution. That solution is to use gene therapy as a treatment for many genetic diseas es. Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its treatment. Gene therapy could be the last therapy that the human race will ever need. What is Gene Therapy? So what is this mystical new wonder called gene therapy? Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into existing cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases. For example, suppose a brain tumor is forming by rapidly dividing cancer cells. The reason this tumor is forming is due to some defective or mutated gene. The therapy chosen for this case would be to use a herpes virus that has had its virulence removed, rendering it harmless. The virus is still abl e to insert its genetic material into the target cells. The virus is then taken and injected into mouse cells, where it makes additional copies of itself. These mouse cells, now containing the virus, are then injected into the brain containing the tumor . Once inside the brain, the virus seeks out t... ...over more genes and their functions, the potential of this treatment is limitless. Our genome is the blueprint of our body. The key to our future is locked in our genome. As researchers start to understand this blueprint, our lives will be forever changed. We now know our fate is indeed in our genes. Literature Cited Bloch, Hannah, Cray, Dan, and Sadlowski, Christine. 1996. Keys to the kingdom. Pp. 24-29. Time Magazine. Brody, JE. 1993 Sept. Gene therapy hold promise of medical miracles, but possible pitfalls cause worries. New York Times. Herman, R. 1991 Dec. Gene therapy. Pp. 89-91. Mirabella. Phillips, P. 1991. Gene therapy getting its chance. Pp. 46-47. Medical World News. Verma, IM. 1993. Gene therapy. Pp. 78-85. Scientific American Medicine: Special Issue. Weiss, R. 1994 Oct. Gene therapy at a crossroads. Pp. 13-15. Washington Post Health.

Monotony in Elisa’s life Essay

Many people in our modern society lead monotonous lives; in other words they follow a routine and have little or no excitement in their lives. Sometimes we fool ourselves by believing that a monotonous life is happy life, but it does not work the same way for every person. Leading a monotonous life can be very harmful to one’s well being and those around us. In the short story â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck we see a person who finds herself in this situation, following a daily routine without much change in it. When a person realizes that they have been living a boring life they start to feel dissatisfied with what they have accomplished, act on impulse and even resort to different activities in an attempt to escape from reality. It often happens that people neglect themselves and do not do anything to satisfy their inner desires which later turn into regret. Regret is the effect that comes from not doing that which you want to do, not realizing your dreams or even from making the wrong decision. If a person strictly follows a routine it happens that they refuse to relax or have fun because it can affect their work or lives. These people are followed by a feeling of unaccomplishment which can lead to sorrow and sadness. The problem is that you start repeating this cycle that does not really benefit your health, it may benefit others and improve your work or studies but you always have to take into consideration your well being. Regret is a very powerful emotion and can carry on for years if a person is not careful it can gravely affect their state of mind and create many complexes. In â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† the character of Elisa is a perfect example of someone who leads a monotonous life. Elisa is tired of her life because she feels tired of the same issues every day, caring for her garden being a wife and even dealing with an awkward husband. Elisa regrets not living a more exciting life. In the story, the traveling handyman when talking with Elisa asks her for some chrysanthemums seeds and a very interesting conversation comes up. Elisa tries to explain to him how to care for the chrysanthemums by explaining the feeling of how you do it, but they interpret the explanation as something sexual. Elisa gets aroused by the conversation and tries to touch the man’s leg in the heat, but resists herself in the end. This leaves me to think that maybe she feels unsatisfied in her marriage, she desires something, regrets not having this exciting life. By using the same example we can also relate the situation to how living in this monotony can make a person act on impulse. To act on impulse is to give in to your deepest desires, to follow your urges; it is the drive for what we do. This impulsive behavior surfaces from the situation, since Elisa cannot hold her desire she breaks down and almost does something she might have regretted later on. Jane Atkinson states, â€Å"When a man you’ve never met before suddenly gives you flowers don’t be alarmed — he’s only acting on Impulse† (Atkinson). What I’m trying to say is that acting on impulse is like taking a risk. What we have in the quote is basically that, the man is probably nervous and thinking that the woman will not accept them or feel harassed, but he takes a risk, acts on impulse, without completely thinking about the consequences of his actions. Many people live an entire life by acting on impulse without thinking about the consequences, but it is a fact that sometimes you could end up with a very complicated situation. Sometimes acting on impulse is not bad, but you cannot go over the top, there needs to be a balance between the two. Elisa, for a single moment, acted according to what her body wanted, but at the last moment realized that what she was going to do might have caused big problems later on. Basically acting on impulse is not exactly a bad thing, but in Elisa’s case, where the impulses come out of regret, it is a very severe problem. If you act on impulse you will not just cause harm to yourself, but to those around you too. The human being when cornered in a situation tends to look for an easy way to get out of this situation; this is the meaning of escaping from reality. The easy way out may be an efficient one, but in the long run may end up being the worst since it is the most dangerous for your health. Elisa’s monotonous live creates the perfect situation to make a person desire to escape. To escape from reality one uses an activity or an object which aids the person to create a more comfortable scenario. Many people use drugs to escape from reality, alcohol is one of the most common since it makes you see everything in a different way. Elisa is already mentally affected due to her dull, monotonous life and to make it worst the traveling handyman reminds her that her life will probably be the same until her death. By analyzing Elisa’s behavior from the story we can infer that she has been using the chrysanthemums garden as a way to bury in all her feelings and hide all her sadness, but nearing the end of the story when Elisa and her husband are on their way to the restaurant she asks if they could buy some wine, her second attempt to escape from reality. Elisa wants to use alcohol to escape from the sadness she was feeling; we can also assume that from this point on Elisa might develop a drinking problem due to the constant use of alcohol to alleviate the sadness. Escaping from reality might ease the pain inside one’s heart, but it cannot resolve any problems. Also there is also the fact that Elisa is living in a rather sexist society. Ott, Jim states, â€Å"It’s the enigmatic tale of a woman named Elisa who loves her husband, but is fenced in by geography and circumstances in a man’s world†. In the quote we basically have a summary of the story, but we mainly focus in the part where it says â€Å"in a man’s world† meaning that Elisa is being seen as weak and defenseless and treated as inferior. If a person constantly escapes from reality and never confronts his problems they will just make things worst since the problems will pile up and become even more complicated. In the end it just goes back to the same saying that everything in excess can be deadly. Leading a monotonous life can be harmful to a person’s well being. Monotony makes people feel dissatisfied, makes them act illogically and can even throw them into a deep depression. But there are also people who believe that it does not cause harm and that it can even be good for your health. Leading a monotonous life does not physically injure anyone and as long as a person does not take it to extreme measures then it does not cause any harm. There is also the fact that nobody has died because of monotony and it is not even a disease. However there are many factors that can make this seemingly normal way of life a deadly one. Even if it is not a disease it acts like one by obstructing your way of thinking, affect your judgment and more. It is true that as long as you do not do anything extreme then it will not cause much harm, but the problem is that not everyone understands this, most people just take it to the extreme or just do not do anything at all. Of course monotony cannot kill a person, but it can drive one into suicide easily since there are many people with weak minds and hearts who get overtaken by the feeling and do rash things without taking everything into account. In other words although monotony is not a deadly disease it can be harmful because it works it affects the weakest part of the body which is the mind. To live on a routine may sound like a completely normal and healthy activity, but, like everything, if you surpass a certain limit it can have the exact opposite meaning and effects on a person’s life. Once you put the facts in monotony can cause great harm like in Elisa’s case, but it can have the exact opposite effect too. Gregory J. Palmerino states, â€Å"In the end, both husband and wife bear responsibility and suffer for their seemingly childless and sexless marriage; the punishment, however, appears to be meted out unfairly† (Palmerino). This one quote basically sums up everything I want say about the story. Elisa and her husband are only making their problems worst and have many regrets and secrets or rather untold opinions of one another that are yet to be said aloud. The only real problem in all of this is the fact that their punishment really is being meted out unfairly since Elisa is getting the short end of the stick because she is being oppressed by her status as a woman and because of the fact that even though she is extremely unhappy she cannot do anything about it. The thing about Elisa’s lifestyle is that one thing leads to another, since she is living a monotonous life she regrets not doing many things and thus tends to act on impulse to try and accomplish these unfulfilled desires and lastly since she cannot fulfill these desires she resorts to the use of other objects to ease the pain in her heart. The saddest part of everything that is happening to Elisa is that she herself is making things worse for her and her husband. Works Cited Atkinson, Jane. â€Å"Policeman just can’t Help Acting on Impulse.† News of the World: 53. May 23 2010. ProQuest Central. Web. 19 Oct. 2012 . Ott, Jim. â€Å"This Valley Life: Livermore to Read and Celebrate Steinbeck.† Oakland TribuneJan 07 2010. ProQuest Central. Web. 19 Oct. 2012 . Palmerino, Gregory J. â€Å"Steinbeck’s THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS.† The Explicator 62.3 (2004): 164-7. ProQuest Central. Web. 19 Oct. 2012.

Sibling Rivalry: Good or Bad

Sibling Rivalry: Good or Bad? â€Å"Younger siblings often measure their places in the universe against the apparently unbreachable and permanent gap that separates them from their older, seemingly more talented and accomplished siblings. † This quote from â€Å"Laney High† by David Halberstam describes something very common amongst children in a family: sibling rivalry. Although sibling rivalry is not always a good thing, for Michael it definitely was. If it was not for Larry, he would not be as successful as he is today. Larry provided Michael with dedication and competitiveness. As a boy, Larry had the heart of a blue whale and the talent to match, but was simply â€Å"packaged in the wrong-sized body. † Michael was lazy as a young boy and could have enjoyed doing other things besides playing basketball for hours on the small court their father, James Jordan, had made in the backyard. However, Larry refused for Michael to let his talent go to waste. Because of this new found dedication from his brother, Michael was able to handle a very hard situation in his life with perseverance instead of giving in. When Michael Jordan did not make the varsity basketball team at Laney High his sophomore year, he went on to be a star on the jayvee team at the school. Larry pushed him when he was younger to work hard and Michael used this lesson to improve and make the varsity basketball team the next year. Also because of Larry’s pushing, Michael rose to be a star on that team as well. â€Å"He was as driven as ever, the hardest-working player on the team in practice. Without this hassle from Larry as a young boy, Michael would have never been able to work up to his potential and accomplish all that he did in his amazing career. Michael’s friends from junior high, high school and college all agree that Michael’s competitiveness derived from his rivalry with his older brother Larry. When Larry and Michael were young, Larry was the better athlete. Even though he was small, he was exceptionally strong. Michael Jordan’s love for basketball began when Larry would continuou sly beat him in one-on-one pick-up games. It was even said that if Larry would’ve been taller than five foot seven inches, Michael would’ve been referred to as Larry’s brother, instead of how it is today. Finally late in their high school years, Michael began to grow and become stronger. This added to the rivalry amongst the two to a great extent. Although Michael was taller then, Larry was older, had better work ethic and was still extremely strong. To this day, Michael credits Larry for his aggressive style of play stating, â€Å"When you see me play, you see Larry play. Every successful athlete has some type of motivation behind their drive. Although it may not always be credited to a person, Michael’s was definitely his older brother Larry. James Jordan said that until Larry changed Michael he would tell Michael he better hope he became a professional athlete because he was too lazy to do anything else. In the case of Larry and Michael Jordan, their sibling rivalry turned out to be very benef icial to Michael Jordan and his success as a professional athlete.

5 Tips for Keeping Your Energy Up During the Week

5 Tips for Keeping Your Energy Up During the Week Joan Burge, workplace expert writing for Office Dynamics, has some tips for those of us who start Mondays full of energy and enthusiasm, but by the end of the week find ourselves fighting distractions and fatigue. How do you keep that energy going through Friday?   1. Develop a Work ScheduleTake a look at the tasks you lined up for the week. Create a simple spreadsheet with time allocated to each responsibility you have. This will ensure that everything is planned out and you won’t end up having little to no energy once Friday arrives.  2. Reassess on Wednesday AfternoonWhat needs to be pushed higher on your list? What can be shifted lower? What can wait until next week or has turned out to be unrealistic? Make sure you’re finishing your top A priority tasks before moving to the Bs.  3. Shake Up Your RoutineTreat yourself to a special meal or a night out with a friend or partner on Wednesday or Thursday; having something to look forward to can perk you up as the w eek draws to a close. Take the opportunity to explore volunteering, or sports, or music hobbies!Don’t go overboard though- feeling exhausted or hungover on Friday will undermine all that thoughtful productivity planning. Planning special activities on Saturdays may also help you feel excited about wrapping up your work week.  4. Get a Good Night’s SleepMaybe what makes Monday feel so full of possibility is how rested you are after the weekend. Get a full night’s sleep mid-week to help you have enough energy to power through.  5. Do Some Self TalkBurge recommends compiling some motivational phrases or slogans on Mondays. Then, check in with those on Wednesday and Thursday. Words of inspiration while you’re in the thick of it might give you that extra push to  end the week on a high note!Finally, talk with your colleagues about their strategies, talk to your supervisor if you’re just finding yourself overloaded, and remember†¦ you’r e only human!

Natural Rights and How They Relate to U.S. Independence

Natural Rights and How They Relate to U.S. Independence When the authors of the U.S. Declaration of Independence spoke of all people being endowed with â€Å"unalienable Rights,† such as â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,† they were confirming their belief in the existence of â€Å"natural rights.† In modern society, every individual has two types of rights: Natural rights and legal rights. Natural rights are rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual. Natural rights are often said to be granted to people by â€Å"natural law.†Legal rights are rights granted by governments or legal systems. As such, they can also be modified, restricted or repealed. In the United States, legal rights are granted by the legislative bodies of the federal, state and local governments. The concept of a natural law establishing the existence of specific natural rights first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero. It was later referred to in the Bible and further developed during the Middle Ages. Natural rights were cited during the Age of Enlightenment to oppose Absolutism - the divine right of kings. Today, some philosophers and political scientists contend that human rights are synonymous with natural rights. Others prefer to keep the terms separate in order to avoid the mistaken association of the aspects of human rights not typically applied to natural rights. For example, natural rights are considered to be beyond the powers of human governments to deny or protect. Jefferson, Locke, Natural Rights, and Independence. In drafting the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson justified demanding independence by citing several examples of ways in which England’s King George III had refused to recognize the natural rights of American colonists. Even with fighting between colonists and British troops already taking place on American soil, most members of Congress still hoped for a peaceful agreement with their motherland. In the first two paragraphs of that fateful document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, Jefferson revealed his idea of natural rights in the often-quoted phrases, â€Å"all men are created equal,† â€Å"inalienable rights,† and â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Educated during the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, Jefferson adopted the beliefs of philosophers who used reason and science to explain human behavior. Like those thinkers, Jefferson believed universal adherence to the â€Å"laws of nature† to be the key to advancing humanity. Many historians agree that Jefferson drew most of his beliefs in the importance of natural rights he expressed in the Declaration of Independence from the Second Treatise of Government, written by renowned English philosopher John Locke in 1689, as England’s own Glorious Revolution was overthrowing the reign of King James II. The assertion is hard to deny because, in his paper, Locke wrote that all people are born with certain, God-given â€Å"inalienable† natural rights that governments can neither grant nor revoke, including â€Å"life, liberty, and property.† Locke also argued that along with land and belongings, â€Å"property† included the individual’s â€Å"self,† which included well being or happiness. Locke also believed that it was the single most important duty of governments to protect the God-given natural rights of their citizens. In return, Locke expected those citizens to follow the legal laws enacted by the government. Should the government break this â€Å"contract† with its citizens by enacting â€Å"a long train of abuses,† the citizens had the right to abolish and replace that government. By listing the â€Å"long train of abuses† committed by King George III against American colonists in the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson used Locke’s theory to justify the American Revolution. â€Å"We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.† – The Declaration of Independence. Natural Rights in a Time of Slavery? â€Å"All Men Are Created Equal† As by far the best-known phrase in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"All Men Are Created Equal,† is often said to summarize both the reason for revolution, as well as the theory of natural rights. But with slavery being practiced throughout the American Colonies in 1776, did Jefferson – a life-long slave owner himself – really believe the immortal words he had written? Some of Jefferson’s fellow slave-owning separatists justified the obvious contradiction by explaining that only â€Å"civilized† people had natural rights, thus excluding slaves from eligibility. As for Jefferson, history shows that he had long believed the slave trade was morally wrong and attempted to denounce it in the Declaration of Independence. â€Å"He (King George) has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither,† he wrote in a draft of the document. However, Jefferson’s anti-slavery statement was removed from the final draft of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson later blamed the removal of his statement on influential delegates who represented merchants who were at the time dependent on the Transatlantic slave trade for their livelihoods. Other delegates may have feared the possible loss of their financial support for the expected Revolutionary War. Despite the fact that he continued to keep most of his slaves for years after the Revolution, many historians agree that Jefferson sided with Scottish philosopher, Francis Hutcheson, who had written, â€Å"Nature makes none masters, none slaves,† in expressing his belief that all people are born as moral equals. On the other hand, Jefferson had expressed his fear that suddenly freeing all of the slaves might result in a bitter race war ending in the virtual extermination of the former slaves. While slavery would persist in the United States until the end of the Civil War 89 years after issuance of the Declaration of Independence, many of the human equality and rights promised in the document continued to be denied to African Americans, other minorities, and women for years. Even today, for many Americans, the true meaning of equality and its related application of natural rights in areas such as racial profiling, gay rights, and gender-based discrimination remain an issue.

Summary 1 page about movie called (secret) Essay

Summary 1 page about movie called (secret) - Essay Example cally the movie promotes the idea of law of attraction which states that an individual should be focused towards his/her aims, objectives and wants and will ultimately receive them. Although it may seem as if the movie is promoting the notion that if an individual remains focused on his/her aims and objectives and works hard for them, he/she will achieve it. But the movie actually promotes the idea that just by focusing on aims and objectives and without making effort and individual can gain anything he/she desires. The movie projects the incident of Morris Goodman who narrates his story in which he unravels the secret through which he heals the issue of paralysis. Interviews are conducted in the movie in which physicians as well as trainers provide insight regarding the secret and the arts and science that is involved in it. It covers several instances of people who have been able to achieve several aims and objectives through the application of the

Future of US foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Future of US foreign policy - Essay Example by, as well as the concomitant recession; the United States is essentially going broke (Mandelbaum, The Frugal Superpower: Americas Global Leadership in a Cash-Strapped Era). This year alone, the United States registered a $1.3trillion deficit. This means that it will have to find a way of paying for the outsized foreign policy it has; possibly borrow every Penny of the amount. Michael Mandelbaum, the author of Frugal Superpower and a professor at the JHU School of Advanced International Studies, is quick to point out how President Obama, in his speech given at the West Point, talked a lot about limits. The President was talking about the intentions he had about escalating the war. â€Å"For even when he ordered his troops to the war in Afghanistan, the President sought to put limits on the time of their stay, as well as the mission that they were meant to carry out; and he did not forget to clarify the reasons for the limits. He said that America was not able to afford doing anymore other than what had been specified. The most vital theme from the remarks he put across was that he acknowledged the economic constraints America was having especially on its foreign policy; this is a theme that is hardly ever heard from American presidents, last time it was heard was when Roosevelt took America into the second world war† America’s time as the sole world power that is able to impose all its wills on any country everywhere in this world is coming to an end (Mandelbaum, Americas Coming Retrenchment). While this could be seen as a result of the aspect of the international environment, but it isn’t exactly that. As a matter of fact, it is just a recent history artifact whose life was short. Mr. Mandelbaum tries to address the question, now what? Mr. Mandelbaum tries to face up to the â€Å"the tyranny of numbers.† The United States of America does not enjoy the luxury of infinite resources it used to have and that was available for any project it deemed desirable or

An Evaluation of Project Quality Controls of the Oil and Gas Industry Dissertation

An Evaluation of Project Quality Controls of the Oil and Gas Industry Projects in the United Arab Emirates - Dissertation Example bu Dhabi Polymers Company Ltd (Borouge), the Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company (TAKREER) and the Abu Dhabi Gas Company (ATHEER). Q3: How does it feel to be leading one of the biggest oil and gas extractive empire of the world? Ans: It’s quite a responsibility and it’s a pressure too to meet the international standard to maintain the stature and credibility of the company. We are also confronting issues about the increasing number of corrective remedies that we need to undertake to ease and strengthen out our operation. Q4: For you, what is the meaning of quality control? For me, quality  control  is achieving the standard level of product and services following specific requirements on dependability, satisfaction, and reliability and fiscal rate. It is concern about quality assurance and the standard limit employed to a product or service. Our quality  control  team works to assess problem to fix problems and to review mechanisms through structured inspections. We assess to comply with quality standards pursue corrective actions Control is done to mitigate risks and to attune our company to international standard. Q5. What process are you undergoing in managing control quality? Ans: The Company does quality control to develop trustworthiness and to learn from our experiences. We development quality control by (1) engaging stakeholders in all control and monitoring applications; (2) increasing preference for public and private companies to be socially accountable, and (3) utilizing the essence of science as capital. Following these developments, it is also widely acknowledged changes of standards on heterogeneous skills, knowledge, systems, behaviors and reflexivity, new standard for quality control and monitoring emerged as post-modern frameworks. Q6: What are the international standards that you are using? Ans: ADNOC submit for international valuation of its operation and management. The oil and gas industry has a standard quality and enviro nmental monitoring systems (ISO 14000) and ISO 9000 compliant software to improve Manual Quality Management System Processes. ISO 14000 helped organizations improved environmental performance to increase prevention of pollution. Part of the effort to reduce the emission of pollution is by upholding ISO 9000 quality standards.We also follow on acceptable risk management model and Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). ISO 9001 certification is awarded if the following requirements are reached: maintaining of standard procedures of all key processes in the business; monitoring all processes to validate its effectiveness; documentation and keeping of all records; checking product output defects as well as the use of appropriate corrective actions when necessary; regular review of each processes and the effectiveness of quality system and facilitate continuing improvement. ISO 14000 on the other hand, regulate the environmental management in production’s operations as well as in its product q uality standards. In this standard, companies are mandated of the following

Social exclusion and poverty

Social exclusion and poverty Within this essay I will attempt to examine what is meant by the term social exclusion, its issues and causes and how it links with poverty. I will also identify groups that face social exclusion, their experiences, the affects it has on them and the role of the social worker in overcoming this. I will touch upon the media and legislation and the part they play in social exclusion. Finally I will endeavour to define anti-oppressive practice, the role of the social worker regarding it and how it can lead to social inclusion. Social exclusion is defined by Pierson as the act by which certain people are excluded from partaking in activities within the society of which they should be part of. This includes individuals, families, groups and whole neighbourhoods. Predominantly, this is a result of poverty, however, other influences can consist of discrimination and lack of educational attainment. Those who are socially excluded are unable to participate in the activities, services and opportunities that most of a society are able to take advantage of (Pierson, 2010). It has been recognised within this definition that poverty can be a factor within the causes of social exclusion and many writers on the subject of social exclusion and poverty, including government, will pair these two together. Other causes include unemployment, lack of social networks, geographical location and limited access to services. These are all interlinked, with poverty being a theme throughout. People who face social exclusion can be locked within this deprivation cycle making it difficult to escape (Pierson, 2010). However, Pierson notes that these causes of social exclusion are also the keys to overcoming it as he discusses the â€Å"five building blocks for tackling social exclusion† (2010, p.48). These building blocks which comprise of maximising income, strengthening social networks, building partnerships, creating effective participation and community-level practice, should be used by social workers who are working with those who are socially excluded to supp ort them into becoming participative members of a society (Pierson, 2010). It is worth noting that anyone could face social exclusion at some point of their life, although those who are most likely endure it consist of ethnic minorities; as they make up a small proportion of the population, people living in poverty; to illustrate this, in 2011/12 15% of the population of Wales were living in relative low income (ONS, 2014), the unemployed; although it has been highlighted in the press that many people are in poverty despite being in employment (Gander, 2013), those with a long-term illness, those in the lower social classes in accordance with The Registrar General’s Classification of Social Classes, the disabled, those with low educational attainment, the homeless and the elderly, to name but a few (Trevithick, 2005). These marginalised individuals or groups face discrimination and often have a stigma attached to them. If I concentrate on ethnic minorities, in particular immigrants, this group and the individuals within it face a stereotype which bec omes a barrier that keeps them socially excluded. This stigma is based on ideas of racism. The media also play a part in this with headlines suggesting immigrants are taking away jobs from the British labour force, which in turn only fuels racist feelings and further stigmatises individuals (Paton, 2013). One priority for the social worker when dealing with social exclusion would be to promote positive change for those they are working with, to do this it is important that they understand what is going on for individuals and appreciate why it is happening, this is essential if a difference is to be made (Trevithick, 2005). Change can be made at an individual level, in the work that social workers do directly with people, empowering these individuals to make a positive difference to their lives and therefore enabling them to become socially inclusive. Social workers may also tackle social exclusion at a higher level by promoting the rights of individuals on a wider societal platform, this could be, for example speaking with other agencies and local authorities to get changes made to public transport to enable individuals or groups with mobility issues to access this service where they had not previously been able to (Wilson et al, 2008). According to Pierson (2010) social workers are i n the best position of all the health and care professionals to tackle social exclusion and achieve social justice due to the knowledge and skills they have, which have been gained not only from their education but also from their experiences in practice around dealing with the complex issues at all levels of society (Pierson, 2010). It states within the Code of Practice laid out by the Care Council for Wales, who oversee social work within Wales, that â€Å"as a social care worker, you must protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and carers† (CCW, 2011), it is therefore clear that overcoming social exclusion and challenging stigma is an expected aspect within the role of the social worker. The British Association for Social Workers defines social work as a profession that is about people. It is about improving outcomes for individuals and families by working with them and supporting them, advocating for them and signposting them to services. They will work with other agencies including education and health to ensure that service users are offered the best service available (BASW, 2014). It is the impression of Williams that in Wales, social workers can be the voice of the service users and their families, speaking up alongside them ensuring that their interests are heard. From reading the policy document Fulfilled Lives, Supportive Communities (WAG, 2007) she understands that social workers should be â€Å"actively involved† (p.191) in the influencing of policy making at both national and local levels (Williams, 2011). This power can be used by social workers to impact on discrimination, poverty and social exclusion. Disability Wales states that people with a disability are often disadvantaged because of society’s perceptions. When a person with a disability does not access a service this may be seen by mainstream society as a result of their impairment rather than the need for environmental changes. However many people with disabilities feel that although their bodies have an impairment it is societal barriers that cause them problems. Examples of this include badly designed buildings with no ramps or lifts and lack of accessible parking which are the problem for a person in a wheelchair, rather than the wheelchair being the problem. This hypothetical badly designed building may not only be the place of potential employment but could also be the job centre that this individual needs to access to enquire about work or the benefits office where they can find out about financial entitlements. These examples can mean the difference between a person with a disability gaining employment, escapi ng poverty and becoming socially inclusive and a person continuing to be socially excluded (Disability Wales, 2014). Research produced by Class (Centre for Labour and Social Studies) in association with Red Pepper dispels the myth that many people would rather claim disability benefits than work. The reality is that employers are less willing to employ a disabled person in spite of anti-discrimination legislation put in place by government which expects employers to make reasonable adjustments to their premises to accommodate people with disabilities (Class, 2013). In 2013 the UK government fronted an initiative to get more disabled people into mainstream employment through the Access to Work scheme (GOV, 2013). This initiative saw the closure of the few remaining Remploy factories, who employed mainly disabled people, with the view of supporting them into mainstream jobs rather than segregate these individuals from society. Despite the intentions of this scheme to encourage disable d individuals to become socially inclusive, an article from BBC news suggests that there are currently 30% fewer people with disabilities in employment now compared with when the factories were still in use, further excluding them from society (Fox, 2013). However, government statistics show that there has been a recent increase in the number of people finding employment through the Access to Work scheme suggesting progress is being made (GOV, 2014). The role of the social worker within this example would be to challenge the barriers faced when getting people with disabilities into employment and working with individuals to overcome them. Often, this may include liaising with family members and other agencies to ensure the best outcomes possible. In tackling social exclusion, the social worker would also need to work at a wider level, challenging services and legislation that may be oppressing these individuals and groups (Horner, 2006). Oppression occurs due to disproportions of power resulting in dominant groups within society holding control over others leading to the creation of institutions, parliament for example. Dominant groups typically consist of white, wealthy, able-bodied males. These institutions go on to promote the interests of the dominant group, providing them with power. Those who do not have control or power therefore find difficulty in making their opinions and values heard, this can lead to oppression (Pierson, 2010). The purpose of the social worker when embracing anti-oppressive practice (AOP) is to work holistically with an individual, understanding their circumstances and values, the distinctiveness of their situation and their self-determination whilst also challenging the effects society has on this person. The effects of oppression de-value not only the individual but other individuals within the same marginalised group. Looking again at the example of people with disabilities, the social worker should recognise that all disabled people face oppression however each individual within that group will experience that oppression differently (Horner, 2006). This allows practitioners to embrace individualisation which not only sees the individual but also sees that person on a wider platform encompassing their socio-political situation (Thomson, 2005). Placing themselves in the position of the individual allows the social worker to empathise with them, from here social workers are able to underst and their values and promote the rights of the individuals. Social workers should also be mindful of how they approach people, what level of understanding the service user has and adapt to this, being aware of the language they use for example (Horner, 2006) AOP has no permanent definition, rather a fluid meaning that changes in reflection to social, political, historical and economic factors facing the reality of the service user (Dalrymple et al, 2006). Pierson finds that although AOP is valuable within social work practice, it is also faced with boundaries. He believes that it fails to recognise the importance of poverty within the realms of social injustice for individuals and that AOP ignores the power that neighbourhood can hold in tackling social exclusion by encouraging community participation from individuals. It is seen however as an institution that has one voice speaking for a whole community (Pierson, 2010). Using an ecological approach, looking holistically at an individual by mapping out their connections with their society, neighbourhood and family, it is possible for the practitioner to understand how they have reached social exclusion and potentially oppression. This approach will highlight areas that need addressing which may have been missed and can aid practitioners into supporting service users into social inclusion (Pierson, 2010). This assignment has determined what is meant by social exclusion. It is evident that socially excluded individuals and groups face great difficulty in attempting to overcome it. Discrimination and social attitudes play a part in this although I have found poverty to be the main barrier. The role of the social worker is therefore a vital component, by empowering individuals and challenging legislation and services it can be possible to tackle social exclusion. This should be done at both individual and wider societal levels. What is also apparent is that although social exclusion and oppression are closely linked they may also undermine one another. I have also acknowledged that legislation that is put in place to overcome oppression can sometimes have the opposite effect, this was found when examining the governments initiative to get more disabled people into mainstream employment. As well as anti-oppressive practice, a multi-agency and ecological approach is needed for social worke rs to address and overcome social exclusion, which according to the Code of Conduct set out by Care Council for Wales is an expected role within social work practice. 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